Thirteen Days - Topics: U. S./1. 94. 5SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIRTEEN DAYS IN THE CLASSROOMFilm Enrichment Worksheet. Although the Cuban Missile Crisis lasted for 1. October of 1. 96. At the end of World War II, relations between the Soviet Union and the U. S. deteriorated, ending the cooperation which enabled the Allies to defeat Nazi Germany.

The Russians did not withdraw their forces from Eastern Europe. Russian occupying forces overstayed their tour of duty in the Middle East. The Russians supported Communist revolutionaries in Greece. Britain and America thwarted the expansion of the Azerbaijani Soviet Republic into Iran and began the policy of containment, attempting to restrict Soviet expansion. As the Cold War took hold, Americans became alarmed at the spread of Communist regimes in East Europe and East Asia. The Soviets were worried about postwar unity among the U.

S. and powerful West European nations. The Communist bloc and the capitalist democracies lurched from crisis to crisis. These ranged from the Soviet blockade of Berlin, the Korean War, American spy planes crossing Russian airspace, Chinese shelling of Taiwanese islands Quemoy and Matsu, and the confrontation between Soviet ally Egypt and Western allies Israel, France and Britain over the Suez Canal.

Both sides developed highly destructive nuclear weapons. At the time of the crisis, Russia had almost 4. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) and numerous Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs). The IRBMs on Russian soil could not reach the U. S., other than Alaska, but they could reach Western Europe. With these missiles and its bomber fleet, the Soviet Union could hit the U. S. and its allies in Europe with approximately 2.

Well over a hundred million people could have been killed in the U. S. and the NATO countries. The U. S., for its part, had approximately 1. ICBMs, in addition to hundreds of long range bombers, IRBMs and submarine based missiles.

The U. S. could deliver some 3,0. Russia. While there were defenses to the long range bombers, there were no defenses to ICBMs or IRBMs and the American weapons could have taken out well over 1. Russians and their allies.

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In the effort to stop the spread of communism, in April of 1. CIA, with President Kennedy's approval, mounted an invasion of Cuba that had been planned during the Eisenhower Administration. Using Cuban exiles as the initial landing force, the target was the Bay of Pigs on the Cuban coast. The invasion was poorly planned and quickly crushed.

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· In a way, Fred Andrews was even more Archie than Archie — his moral compass never wavered, his decisions were firm and bolstered by strong conviction.

President Kennedy had relied upon the advice of experienced men in the government who told him that the invasion would succeed. He had ignored warnings from some that the plan was flawed. The invasion was an unmitigated disaster for the U. S. government and for President Kennedy.

The responsible officials, the head of the CIA, Allen Dulles, and an assistant were told by President Kennedy that they were to resign after a decent interval. After the Bay of Pigs invasion, the CIA developed Operation Mongoose which actively tried to destabilize the Cuban regime and assassinate Cuban President Fidel Castro. Robert Kennedy, at the direction of the President, personally supervised these activities and was very persistent in pushing the CIA for more aggressive action against Cuba and against Castro personally. This was a massive operation with 6.

Cuba. Question 1: How might officials in Cuba's government have felt about the intentions of the U. S. given all of the underhanded, destabilizing activities of Operation Mongoose, and what would be their likely response? With the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion, President Kennedy analyzed his decision- making process. He now knew that before making important decisions he needed to explore the possible consequences of each alternative course of action and seek advice from a variety of sources, inside government and out. Thus, Excomm came into being. Excomm was an unusual body because it included representatives from outside the government, in this case former Secretary of State Dean Acheson.

Governmental officials from agencies not usually involved in critical military decisions were included in the committee. Chief among these was Secretary of the Treasury Douglas Dillon, a Republican. Finally, all types of views were solicited.

As shown in the movie, Adlai Stevenson, ambassador to the U. N. and former two- time Democratic candidate for President, advocated appeasement of the Russians. He was alone in this position. President Kennedy protected Stevenson from being ousted from the Excomm and removed as Ambassador to the U. N., as Bobby Kennedy advised.

In the end, Stevenson proved immensely valuable to the U. S. by dramatically showing that the Russians were lying to the world about the missiles. His speech was the single most important victory in the propaganda war that was such an important part of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

In 1. 96. 2 while the U. S. government knew that its nuclear forces were much stronger than those of the Soviet Union, it realized that losing its major cities with casualties approaching 1. In addition, through treaty obligations and as a practical matter, no U. S. government could permit Europe to be destroyed.

The Soviets, for their part, acutely felt the inferiority of their nuclear deterrent. The effort to place missiles in Cuba was an effort by the Russians to improve their nuclear capability quickly and inexpensively. The Soviet leadership, however, didn't realize how much the U.

S. feared Russia's nuclear power. In an attempt to redress the imbalance in nuclear missiles and ensure that the U. S. would not mount another Cuban invasion, Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union, began a program to secretly place intermediate range nuclear missiles in Cuba.

These missiles would be able to reach almost all of the continental U. S. The CIA learned of suspicious activity from intelligence sources on the island, and the U. S. sent U- 2 spy planes to investigate. When a U- 2 came back with photographs of missile sites under construction, President Kennedy convened his advisors before announcing the discovery to the world. While some recommended diplomacy, others pressed for military options, such as air strikes or an invasion of Cuba. President Kennedy adopted a middle approach in which the U. S. Navy established a quarantine preventing any additional missiles or offensive weapons from reaching the island.

In the meantime, the U. S. mounted a public relations and diplomatic offensive attempting to use world opinion to pressure the Soviets to remove the missiles. Soviet ships tested the blockade but ultimately chose not to challenge the quarantine.

The U. S. for its part allowed ships with food and fuel through the quarantine. Acting without Moscow's approval, a Soviet surface- to- air missile (SAM) battery shot down a U- 2 spy plane over Cuba, killing the pilot and exacerbating the tension between the Cold War combatants. Finally, in secret negotiations, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy pledged that the U. Watch Nowhere Boys: The Book Of Shadows Online (2017). S. would not invade Cuba. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, the superpowers moved to reduce the risk of a nuclear confrontation. Difficulties in communications encountered during the crisis led to the installation of direct telephone communications between the leaders to avoid any future misunderstandings.

In subsequent years, the countries negotiated a nuclear test ban treaty. Future presidents and Soviet leaders agreed to Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties (SALT) in the 1.

The Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty in 1. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary of the Communist Party Mikhail Gorbachev negotiated the INF Treaty in the late 1. Other American presidents and Russian leaders have worked to reduce nuclear weapons through a pair of Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I & II). Never again would America and Russia come to the brink of a nuclear Armageddon.

Days script by David Self.