OLED - Wikipedia. Prototype OLED lighting panels. An organic light- emitting diode (OLED) is a light- emitting diode (LED) in which the emissiveelectroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response to an electric current.

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This layer of organic semiconductor is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs. A major area of research is the development of white OLED devices for use in solid- state lighting applications.[1][2][3]There are two main families of OLED: those based on small molecules and those employing polymers. Adding mobile ions to an OLED creates a light- emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) which has a slightly different mode of operation. Watch Foe Full Movie. An OLED display can be driven with a passive- matrix (PMOLED) or active- matrix (AMOLED) control scheme.

In the PMOLED scheme, each row (and line) in the display is controlled sequentially, one by one,[4] whereas AMOLED control uses a thin- film transistor backplane to directly access and switch each individual pixel on or off, allowing for higher resolution and larger display sizes. An OLED display works without a backlight; thus, it can display deep black levels and can be thinner and lighter than a liquid crystal display (LCD). In low ambient light conditions (such as a dark room), an OLED screen can achieve a higher contrast ratio than an LCD, regardless of whether the LCD uses cold cathode fluorescent lamps or an LED backlight. History[edit]André Bernanose and co- workers at the Nancy- Université in France made the first observations of electroluminescence in organic materials in the early 1.

They applied high alternating voltages in air to materials such as acridine orange, either deposited on or dissolved in cellulose or cellophane thin films. The proposed mechanism was either direct excitation of the dye molecules or excitation of electrons.[5][6][7][8]In 1. Martin Pope and some of his co- workers at New York University developed ohmic dark- injecting electrode contacts to organic crystals.[9][1.

They further described the necessary energetic requirements (work functions) for hole and electron injecting electrode contacts. These contacts are the basis of charge injection in all modern OLED devices.

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• An organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light.
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Pope's group also first observed direct current (DC) electroluminescence under vacuum on a single pure crystal of anthracene and on anthracene crystals doped with tetracene in 1. The proposed mechanism was field- accelerated electron excitation of molecular fluorescence. Pope's group reported in 1. Also in 1. 96. 5, W. Helfrich and W. G.

Schneider of the National Research Council in Canada produced double injection recombination electroluminescence for the first time in an anthracene single crystal using hole and electron injecting electrodes,[1. In the same year, Dow Chemical researchers patented a method of preparing electroluminescent cells using high- voltage (5. V) AC- driven (1. Hz) electrically insulated one millimetre thin layers of a melted phosphor consisting of ground anthracene powder, tetracene, and graphite powder.[1. Their proposed mechanism involved electronic excitation at the contacts between the graphite particles and the anthracene molecules.

Roger Partridge made the first observation of electroluminescence from polymer films at the National Physical Laboratory in the United Kingdom. The device consisted of a film of poly(N- vinylcarbazole) up to 2. The results of the project were patented in 1. The first practical OLEDs[edit]American physical chemist Ching W.

Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak built the first practical OLED device in 1. This device used a two- layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle of the organic layer; this resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency. Research into polymer electroluminescence culminated in 1. J. H. Burroughes et al. Watch Futureworld Download Full. Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, UK, reporting a high efficiency green light- emitting polymer based device using 1.

Moving from molecular to macromolecular materials solved the problems previously encountered with the long- term stability of the organic films and enabled high- quality films to be easily made.[2. Subsequent research developed multilayer polymers and the new field of plastic electronics and OLED research and device production grew rapidly.[2. Universal Display Corporation holds the majority of patents concerning the commercialization of OLEDs.[citation needed]Working principle[edit].

Schematic of a bilayer OLED: 1. Cathode (−), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate. The organic molecules are electrically conductive as a result of delocalization of pi electrons caused by conjugation over part or all of the molecule.

These materials have conductivity levels ranging from insulators to conductors, and are therefore considered organic semiconductors. The highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO) of organic semiconductors are analogous to the valence and conduction bands of inorganic semiconductors.[2. Originally, the most basic polymer OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer. One example was the first light- emitting device synthesised by J. H. Burroughes et al., which involved a single layer of poly(p- phenylene vinylene).

However multilayer OLEDs can be fabricated with two or more layers in order to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, different materials may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile,[2. Many modern OLEDs incorporate a simple bilayer structure, consisting of a conductive layer and an emissive layer. More recent developments in OLED architecture improves quantum efficiency (up to 1. Watch Days Of Wine And Roses Online Facebook.

In the graded heterojunction architecture, the composition of hole and electron- transport materials varies continuously within the emissive layer with a dopant emitter. The graded heterojunction architecture combines the benefits of both conventional architectures by improving charge injection while simultaneously balancing charge transport within the emissive region.[2. During operation, a voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. Anodes are picked based upon the quality of their optical transparency, electrical conductivity, and chemical stability.[3. A current of electrons flows through the device from cathode to anode, as electrons are injected into the LUMO of the organic layer at the cathode and withdrawn from the HOMO at the anode.

This latter process may also be described as the injection of electron holes into the HOMO. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine forming an exciton, a bound state of the electron and hole. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are generally more mobile than electrons.

The decay of this excited state results in a relaxation of the energy levels of the electron, accompanied by emission of radiation whose frequency is in the visible region. The frequency of this radiation depends on the band gap of the material, in this case the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO.

As electrons and holes are fermions with half integer spin, an exciton may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state depending on how the spins of the electron and hole have been combined. Statistically three triplet excitons will be formed for each singlet exciton.